Kelantan-Pattani Malay
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Kelantan-Pattani Malay (; ; in Pattani; in Kelantan) is an Austronesian language of the Malayic subfamily spoken in the Malaysian state of
Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in th ...
and the neighbouring southernmost provinces of
Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
. It is the primary spoken language of
Thai Malays Thai Malays ( ms, Orang Melayu Thai, th, ไทยเชื้อสายมลายู: Jawi: ملايو تاي; Pattani Malay: Oré Nayu, Jawi or Bangso Yawi; Songkhla Malay: Oghae Nayu), with officially recognised terms including 'Mala ...
, but is also used as a lingua franca by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry. Kelantan-Pattani Malay is highly divergent from other Malay varieties because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Malay world by high mountains, deep rainforests and the Gulf of Thailand. In Thailand, it is also influenced by
Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...
. Kelantanese-Pattani Malay is distinct enough that radio broadcasts in
Standard Malay Malaysian Malay ( ms, Bahasa Melayu Malaysia), also known as Standard Malay (Malay: ''Bahasa Melayu Standard''), ( English translation: Malaysian language), or simply Malay, is a standardized form of the Malay language used in Malaysia (as o ...
cannot be understood easily by native speakers of Kelantan-Pattani Malay, such as those in Thailand, who are not taught the standard variety of the language. Unlike Malaysia where Standard Malay is compulsory in the school curriculum, no one is required to learn Standard Malay in Thailand and so there is potentially less language influence from Standard Malay but potentially more from
Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...
. It is also distinct from Kedah Malay,
Pahang Malay Pahang Malay ( Standard Malay: ; Jawi: ) is a Malayic language spoken in the Malaysian state of Pahang. It is regarded as the dominant Malay dialect spoken along the vast riverine systems of Pahang, but co-exists with other Malay dialects tradi ...
and
Terengganu Malay Terengganu Malay ( ms, Bahasa Melayu Terengganu; Terengganu Malay: ) is a Malayic language spoken in the Malaysian state of Terengganu all the way southward to coastal Pahang and northeast Johor. It is the native language of Terengganu Malays an ...
, but those languages are much more closely related to the Kelantanese-Pattani Malay language.


Names

The language is often referred to in Thai as (; ), which is a corruption of the Malay name for the modified Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Jawi ( Jawi: جاوي; ). It is also referred to in Thai as (; ) and similarly locally in Malay as ( Jawi: , Rumi: , ). The language is often simply just called in Pattani. Kelantanese is known in Standard Malay as , and in Kelantanese as . It is also known as or in Besut and Setiu of Terengganu State. One variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the Reman variant, also known as (according to the speakers of this area; the areas where this variant was spoken were under the Reman state of ''the'' Kingdom of Pattani that was abolished in 1902 in which the areas were Batu Kurau, inland Perak (Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu, Lenggong) and inland Kedah (Sik, Baling, Padang Terap)). The Reman viarants are known as various names such as , , , , , etc. It is also known as the Kedah Hulu dialect (in Kedah) and the Perak Hulu dialect (in Perak) but these two terms only apply to political and geographical factors rather than linguistic ones. This Reman variant has many dialects and subdialects across the areas where this variant is spoken.


Writing system

Kelantanese Malay is written both in Latin and in the
Jawi alphabet Jawi (; ace, Jawoë; Kelantan-Pattani: ''Yawi''; ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Kerinci, Maguindanaon, Malay, Minangkabau, Tausūg, and Ternate. Jawi is based o ...
, a writing system based on the Arabic script. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the general population of Malay speakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia that now mainly use the Latin script, known in Malay as (), for daily communication. Today, Pattani Malay itself is generally not a
written language A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system. Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will pick up spoken language or sign language by exposure eve ...
, though it is sometimes written in informal settings. When writing is needed, an old-fashioned form of standard Malay is used rather than the local dialect. A phonetic rendering of Pattani Malay in the Thai alphabet has been introduced, but it has not been met with much success, due to the socio-religious significance of Jawi to Muslim Malays.


History

Southern Thailand Southern Thailand, Southern Siam or Tambralinga is a southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand region by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bounde ...
has continued to be a region affected by two cultural spheres: the mainly Buddhist, Thai-speaking Siamese kingdoms and the mainly Muslim, Malay-speaking sultanates. The region was a warehouse of trade where merchants from Europe, India, Arabia, China, Siam, and other parts of the Malay world met. At first dominated by Hindu-Buddhist Indian influences, the great kingdom of Srivijaya would later fall in chaos. Islam was introduced by Arab and Indian traders in the 11th century and has been the dominant religion ever since, replacing the Buddhism and Hinduism that had held sway before. By the 14th century, the area became vassals to
Ayutthaya Ayutthaya, Ayudhya, or Ayuthia may refer to: * Ayutthaya Kingdom, a Thai kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767 ** Ayutthaya Historical Park, the ruins of the old capital city of the Ayutthaya Kingdom * Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province (locally ...
, but the region was autonomous and never fully incorporated into the modern Thai nation-state until 1902. This political autonomy and isolation from the rest of the Malay world allowed for preservation of the Malay language and culture but also led to the divergence of the dialect.


Variation

Kelantan-Pattani Malay can be divided into three major variants and several dialects (and a few subdialects): Kelantan: Coastal (Narathiwat, Besut dialects), Central / River, Dabong / Inland Pattani: Yala, Saiburi, Bana Taning, Chenok / Chana, Nonthaburi / Bangkok Reman: Grik, Sik, Baling, Padang Terap, Batu Kugho / Selama, Southern Yala * The Reman variants of Kedah and Perak show some vocabulary influence from Perak Malay and Kedah Malay (e.g. ('you'), ('you'), ('brag/show off'), etc.). Creole/Pidgin: Samsam Malay (a mixed language of Thai and Pattani Malay spoken by those of mixed Thai-Malay ancestry)


Distribution

Kelantanese is spoken in the Malaysian state of
Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in th ...
, as well as in
Besut Besut is a district in Terengganu, Malaysia. It is bordered by the state of Kelantan to the north and west and the South China Sea to the east. It is the northern gateway to Terengganu. Kampung Raja is the district capital, though Jerteh is mor ...
and
Setiu Setiu is one of the districts in Terengganu, Malaysia. This district is bordered by Besut to the north, Hulu Terengganu to the south, and on the east, Kuala Nerus District. Setiu is the second youngest and least populated district in Terenggan ...
districts of
Terengganu Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith" ...
and the Perhentian Islands. It is also spoken in the
Merapoh Merapoh is a small town in Lipis District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is located next to the Pahang-Kelantan border. A railway station of the KTM East Coast Line is located here. From Merapoh it is 7 km to Sg Relau, one of the entry points to ...
township, in the
Lipis The Lipis District is a district located in north-west of Pahang, Malaysia. The district covers an area of 5,198 km2. Lipis district is bordered by Cameron Highlands and Perak on the west, Jerantut on the east, Kelantan and Raub on the nor ...
district of
Pahang Pahang (; Jawi: , Pahang Hulu Malay: ''Paha'', Pahang Hilir Malay: ''Pahaeng'', Ulu Tembeling Malay: ''Pahaq)'' officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific ''Darul Makmur'' (Jawi: , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and ...
since this town borders the state of Kelantan. Many people in the districts of
Baling The Baling District is an administrative district in southeastern Kedah, Malaysia. Located about 110 km from Alor Setar, it borders Perak and Betong, the southernmost town of Thailand. Name The name Baling can be traced to a series of ...
, Sik and
Padang Terap The Padang Terap District is a district in Kedah, Malaysia. It is governed by the Padang Terap District Council ( ms, Majlis Daerah Padang Terap). Etymology Padang Terap is named after the Terap tree (''Artocarpus elasticus'') which is a type o ...
in
Kedah Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainland ...
as well as the
Hulu Perak Hulu Perak District (Upper Perak) is a district in Perak, Malaysia. As the largest district in Perak, there are border to the east of the district is the state of Kelantan, to the west is Kedah, to the south is the district of Kuala Kangsar whil ...
district of Perak speak Kelantan-Patani language of ''Reman'' dialects, since most of the Malay people there are the descendants of Kelantanese migrants and Pattani refugees (in which whereby these regions were once parts of the Reman Kingdom of Pattani). Pattani Malay is the main language of the Thai provinces
Narathiwat Narathiwat ( th, นราธิวาส, ) is a town (thesaban mueang) in southern Thailand and capital of Narathiwat Province. The town is in the Mueang Narathiwat District and was established in 1936. As of 2008, the population was 40,521. ...
, Yala and Pattani where ethnic Malays make up the majority of the population, it is also spoken in parts of Songkhla and
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...
. It is less spoken in the province of
Satun Satun (, , ms, Setul) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in southern Thailand, capital of the Satun Province. It covers the whole ''tambon'' Phiman of Mueang Satun. Satun lies 985 km south of Bangkok. As of 2005 it has a population of 21,498 ...
, where despite making up the majority, ethnic Malays generally speak
Southern Thai Southern Thailand, Southern Siam or Tambralinga is a southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand region by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bounded t ...
and their Malay dialect is similar to Kedah Malay. It is also spoken in scattered villages as far north as Hat Yai. In the past, Malay was the main language as far north as the
Isthmus of Kra The Kra Isthmus ( th, คอคอดกระ, ) in Thailand is the narrowest part of the Malay Peninsula. The western part of the isthmus belongs to Ranong Province and the eastern part to Chumphon Province, both in Southern Thailand. The ...
, the traditional division between Central Thailand and
Southern Thailand Southern Thailand, Southern Siam or Tambralinga is a southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand region by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bounde ...
, based on the preponderance of etymologically Malay place names.


Phonology

There are 21 consonants and 12 vowels in Pattani Malay. The phonemes and only appear in some loanwords or proper names.


Consonants


Vowels

Note(s): * The close central unrounded vowel is believed to actually be a schwa according to Teoh (1994) and Adi Yasran (2005) * Before a final and final coda and in open-ended words, is pronounced as: ** Open back unrounded according to Adi Yasran (2006, 2010) and Zaharani (2006) ** Open-mid back rounded according to Nawanit (1986) ** Near-open central according to Teoh (1984) * Many such as Adi Yasran (2010) and Teoh and Yeoh (1988) believe that the nasal vowels of Kelantan-Pattani Malay do not count as phonemes


Comparison with Standard Malay

Kelantan-Pattani Malay is different enough from Standand Malay that it is often unintelligible to speakers of the standard language. Differences include some differences in vocabulary, and different sound correspondences. The influence of Southern Thai and the Kelantan-Pattani Malay in Pattani upon each other is great, and both have large numbers of loanwords from the other. The influence of the Thai language makes comprehension between the Pattani variety of Kelatan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay a bit more difficult than comprehension between the Kelantanese variety of Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay.


Vowels


Consonants


Vocabulary

Note(s): * The spelling used for the Kelantan-Pattani Malay words is an eye dialect.


Gemination

Gemination occurs for various purposes and in various forms in Kelatan-Pattani Malay. At the phonemic level, these geminations are transcribed as but they are pronounced as so is pronounced as .


Initial syllable reduction

These geminations are derived by deleting the initial syllable and replacing it with a geminated form of the initial consonant of the remaining word. * From simple words ** > 'woman' ** > 'to give' * From prefixed words ** > 'to walk' ** > 'to stand up'


Initial morpheme reduction

These geminates are derived by deleting the initial morpheme of a reduplicated word and replacing it with a geminated form of the remaining morpheme. Unlike the geminations acquired from initial syllable reduction, these geminates are not free variants of their Standard Malay counterparts. * From the reduplicated form of a word ** > 'well' ** > 'properly' * From words that are reduplications of a single word ** > 'kite' ** > 'tortoise'


Functional word reduction

In this situation, a word with a function is deleted and the word afterwards is geminated. This sort of gemination is a free variant of its Standard Malay counterpart. * From a verbal linker ** > 'to wash clean' ** > 'to keep something so it'll grow long' * From preposition reduction ** > 'to/at/from the shore' ** > 'since the morning'


Loanwords

Many loanwords tend to have initial geminated consonants too. * > 'tar'


Stress

Kelantan-Pattani Malay has a set of stress rules that is quite different to that of Standard Malay.


Words with initial simple consonants

Generally, in Kelantan-Pattani Malay, the primary stress falls on the last syllable if the word starts with a single consonant. * > 'to want' * > 'in' * > 'restless' However, in words with more than one syllable, syllables with a schwa are unstressed. * > 'afternoon' * > 'back' Syllables that do not have the schwa and are not in the word-final position take the secondary stress. * > 'path' * > 'food'


Words with geminated consonants

If a word has an initial syllable with a geminated consonant, that syllable automatically takes the primary stress. * > 'to walk' * > 'to/at/from the shore'


References


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * {{Austronesian languages Agglutinative languages Languages of Malaysia Languages of Thailand Malay Peninsula Peninsular Malaysia Southern Thailand Malay-based pidgins and creoles Malay dialects Malayic languages